In the Article, Chiefly About War Matters, Nathaniel...

Stephen Crane, author of The Red Badge of Courage, in regards to the American Civil War once despondently wrote, â€Å"It was not well to drive men into final corners; at those moments they could all develop teeth and claws† (Crane). Such describes the desperate and harrowing atmosphere of the time during which Abraham Lincoln was president of the United States. As Abraham Lincoln once perspicaciously reflected upon the significance of the Civil War, The struggle of today is not altogether for today — it is for a vast future also meaning that the war was paramount to the survival of the union and thus, one of the most momentous occurrences of American history (Lincoln). Nathaniel Hawthorne, a transcendentalist and author of The Scarlet†¦show more content†¦3). Hawthorne is also effectively able to convey the fact that despite his lack of physical attractiveness, Lincoln remained strong of mind and relatable to the average American citizen making him the perfect president to confidently lead the Union through the Civil War. When Hawthorne bluntly states, there is no describing his lengthy awkwardness, nor the uncouthness of his movement he successfully highlights the fact that Lincoln, while lacking in beauty, made up for all of his faults with his personable attitude and his tremendous intelligence necessary to lead the nation through the civil war, which left Hawthorne awe-struck since such an attitude was unheard of and simultaneously valued in a president (para. 3). Through his usage of both a reverent tone and descriptive imagery, Hawthorne is effectively able to convey the fact that regardless of his exterior appearance, Lincolns exceptional intelligence and approachability made him quintessential of leadership and thus suitable to lead the country to victory. To convey the fact that while physically unappealing Lincolns brilliance and congenial attitude made him an excellent president, the speaker

Financial Statement Analysis Of Amazon.com, Inc. - 1377 Words

Financial Statement Analysis AMAZON.COM, INC. History Incorporated in 1994 and launched in 1995 as an online bookstore, Amazon.com was founded by Jeff Bezos with a vision of creating â€Å"the everything store† (Stone, 2013) and the largest of its kind; hence, it was named after the largest river in the world (D’Onfro, 2014). In 1997, Amazon announced IPO and trading began on NASDAQ under â€Å"AMZN†. That same year, Amazon sold to its one-millionth customer copies of a Windows NT manual and The Royals, Kitty Kelley’s biography of the British Royal family, hand-delivered to Japan by founder Jeff Bezos. Since 1998, Amazon has started expanding and opened its doors to international trading by launching its first international websites: Amazon.co.uk (UK) and Amazon.de (Germany). In 2000, Amazon publicly showed its intention of selling all goods by adding a curved arrow from A to z on the company logo (Hayes, 2015). That same year, Amazon Marketplace allowed third party sellers (individuals and companie s) to sell new and used products on the Amazon platform. By 2001, Amazon finally earned a quarterly profit of $5 million on revenues of over $1 billion. In 2005, Amazon launches Amazon Prime, a membership that gives faster deliveries and access to Amazon’s film and tv streaming service, of which Google chairman, Eric Schmidt, is a member (Stone, 2013). In 2007, Amazon Kindle e-book reader was launched and as of 2014, there are 2.5 million e-book titles available (Hayes, 2015).Show MoreRelatedThe Financial Conditions Of Amazon Inc.1416 Words   |  6 PagesAmazon.com Inc. has been known as one of the fastest growing retailers around the world. During 2013, the company has achieved US$74.4 billion of net sales revenue. Compared to 2012, Amazon’s net sales revenue has increased by 22%. The company’s sales revenue exceeds its competitor, e-Bay, by US$58.4 billion or 364%. 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Micro Economics and Business Economics - Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Micro and Business Economics. Answer: Introduction In the reported study paper, a basic system analysis of an economic issue i.e. the allocation of effort between producing low-value cow milk and high-value cow milk in New Zealand has been evaluated. In order to complete the entire analysis, causal loop model has been utilised to determine the important elements attached to the system. Moreover, drawing the elements related to the analysis, the linkages between the identified elements have been denoted in the study as well. Evidently, the balancing and reinforcing loops have been illustrated in a diagram representation. Through the investigation of the analysis, a growth archetype has been identified. To finish the report, the intervention of management to improve the system function has been described as well. Problem Statement The leading economic issue defined in the study is related to the allocation of effort between producing low-value cow milk and high-value cow milk in New Zealand. In order to understand the economic issue, a systematic analysis has been constructed drawing a causal loop model based on the elements associated with the issue (Clarke, Leuridan, Williamson, 2013). Precisely, the efforts leading to the production of high-value and low-value cow milk have included elements such as labour, productivity per labour, production of low-value cow milk, and production of high-value cow milk, technology, capital supply, and profitability of firms (Galindo Marti?n, Nardi Spiller, 2010). Causal loop model and description of links In order develop the casual loop model; first of all, the identified elements have been drawn to understand the affecting elements attached to the system analysis. Critically, by describing the linkages between the individual elements, it will be important to denote the positive and negative linkages. In the section below, the entire causal loop model has been drawn as follows: Figure: Causal Loop Model First of all, the labours required for both the high-value and low-value cow milk production can be defined as one of the leading efforts in the economic issue. Hence, the linkage between labours and high-value and low-value cow milk production will be positive as denoted in the causal loop model. Alternatively, the relation between production of high-value and low-value cow milk will be positive with the profitability of the firm. Specifically, productivity per workers is an element that creates a positive impact on the production of both types of milk. On a substantial note, during the production of both high-value and low-value cow milk, the labour cost has created a negative linkage with the profit of the firm (Chaudhary, Upadhyaya, 2015). Precisely, technology has been an instrumental factor in the allocation of efforts to mitigate the identified economic issue. Technology will influence the productivity of labour in a positive way as well as the production of high-value milk f rom low-value milk. Also, a significant capital supply needs to be added on installing the technology. Reversely, capital supply is one of the substantial elements contributing to the production and managing the cost of labour (Wiseman, 2015). Herein, significant capital supply can create a positive linkage towards labour management. Admittedly, during the production of low-value milk in New Zealand, the labour cost has to be minimised so that comprehensive profitability can be drawn by the marketers. On the other hand, production of high-value milk requires expertise human resources, technological resources, and other fundamental resources. Hence, capital supply needs to be improved in the case of production of high-value milk (Chaudhary, Upadhyaya, 2015). In the given causal loop model, the blue positive loops classify the reinforcing loops whereas the red negative loops define the balancing loops (Umbach, 2009). Meanwhile, each of the elements attached to the section needs to be verified accordingly to control the allocation of effort during the production of high-value and low-value cow milk in New Zealand market. In term of balancing and reinforcing the elements, blue positive loops have denoted reinforcing loops whereas red negative loops determine balancing loops. As per the causal loop modelling, labour units and production of low value cow milk has been reinforced so that profitability will increase. Also, capital supply has been reinforced with productivity per worker to increase the production of high value cow milk. Evidently, capital supply and technology have been engaged in another reinforced loop to increase production. In case of balancing the elements, labour units have been balanced with profit to allocate the fund required for business sustainability. Also, labour units and productivity per worker has been engaged in a balanced loop to support each of the elements leading towards productivity. Identification of limits to growth archetypes There are several limits to growth faced by the milk production industry of New Zealand in terms of the elements of archetype. The limits to the growth archetypes are presented herein below: Limits to growth for low value cow milk: labour, production, crowding, productivity By considering the figure presented in the causal loop model, it can be seen that the labour units implied in the production of low value cow milk are too high. On the other hand, with high number of labours the production in the low value cow milk industry increases. Additionally, the low value cow milk production system faces high crowding that result in low per capita production (Rae, 2017). In other words, the primary limit to the growth archetype of low value cow milk is low productivity. Hence, there is a lack of optimal usage of resources. Limits to growth for high value cow milk: capital, technology, productivity, costs, profit Meanwhile, the limits to growth archetypes faced by the high value cow milk production system are the high level of cost and low profitability. The management inputs high capital in the production of high value milk to improve the technology. On the other hand, the technology results in the enhancement of per labour productivity resulting in an increase in the costs (Norton, Berckmans, 2017). Hence, a fall in the profitability can be evident in this case. The management lacks to achieve the business objectives of higher profitability due to high cost of production. Intervention of management to improve the system function The intervention of the management to improve the system functions are presented herein below: The management must explore options to enhance the time of working by introducing shift work. The working in shift will reduce overcrowding in the low value milk production without reducing the labour input (Galindo Marti?n, Nardi Spiller, 2010). The labour input in high value milk production must be reduced by analysing the chain of production and identifying the points of inefficiency. Collective bargaining can be helpful in reducing labour cost. Adopt capital options that are quick to put in production system and cheaper to acquire in the high value milk production (Dietz, 2017). The management must reflect on the goals to increase profitability and productivity by making optimal usage of resources available to the milk production industry. Conclusion By considering the above analysis of the economic system of allocation of efforts in the low value cow milk and high value cow milk, every factors of production are connected to each other leading to high productivity and profitability. The limitations in the growth archetypes influence the optimal utilisation of resources. Conclusively, the management must identify the points of interventions in order to achieve the business goals of increasing profit and productivity. References Chaudhary, B., Upadhyaya, M. (2015). Socio-Economic Impacts of Dairy Cooperative.Economic Journal Of Development Issues,15(1-2). Clarke, B., Leuridan, B., Williamson, J. (2013). Modelling mechanisms with causal cycles.Synthese,191(8), 1651-1681. Dietz, M. (2017).Dairy prices rise again at Global Dairy Trade auction - The Country - The Country News.The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved May 2017, from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/the-country/news/article.cfm?c_id=16objectid=11848983 Galindo Marti?n, M., Nardi Spiller, C. (2010).Issues in economic thought(1st ed.). New York: Nova Science Publishers. Norton, T., Berckmans, D. (2017). Developing precision livestock farming tools for precision dairy farming.Animal Frontiers,7(1), 18. Rae, S. (2017).Dairy prices rise again at latest auction - The Country - The Country News.The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved May 2017, from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/the-country/news/article.cfm?c_id=16objectid=11850082 Umbach, E. (2009). Socio-economic systems as causal factors in the dynamics of ecosystems.Ecological Modelling,46(3-4), 305-310. Wiseman, A. (2015).Economic issues(1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Economics, Federal Trade Commission.

Part 1 Chapter 1

Part 1 Chapter 1-8 1. Chapter 1 Introduces Readers To The Town Of Mayc Essay Part 1 Chapter 1-81. Chapter 1 introduces readers to the town of Maycomb, its apperannce, its inhabitants, and the particular attitudes of many of its people. Find a sentence or a paragraph which illustrates each of the following attitudes/ideas. Quote at least a portion of the sentence or paragraph and give page number. a. pride in ancestry and tradition tired old town p.9 b. pride in conformity and distrust of those who are different Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing to fear but fear itself p.10 c. awareness difference in social classes nothing to buy and no money to buy with it p.10 d. narrow span of interest and almost no interest in the world outside Maycomb. nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County p.10 2. Approximately when does the story negin? Show evidence to support your answer. The setting of the story take place in Maycomb County, Alabama, during the 1930s. The neighborhood overall is very poor, with farming being the major way of making a living. (Cotton-farming) 3. What do we know for certain about Boo Radley? The Radley place and its mysterious inhabitant are described ub great detail. Scout was telling the story about Boo Radley, she said Radley was locked up as a teenager for once getting in trouble with police. Radley has been in the house ever since, although some people are convinced he come out at night. 4. Why is Boo fasinating to the children? At the summer, when Dill come out and play with Scout and Jem, Dill has always found interesting studying Boos place, because Dill think Boo is phantom bogeyman. Chapter 21. Scout makes three mistakes during her first day at school. What are her mistakes, and why do they make Miss Caroline so angry? First of all, the teacher found out that Scout already can read, so she make Scout promise not to read to with her father; second, the teacher found out Scout was writing a letter to Dill, the teacher stop her from writing it and told Scout that in Grade 1, you only learn printing, and in Grade 3 you learn writing; third, Scout was tring to explain the ways of the Cunninghams, a family of poot but proud farmers who refuse charity. Miss Caroline thinks Scout is being insolent and after slapping her hand. 2. Why are the professional people in Maycomb poor at this time? The professtional people is poor at that time I think is because their learning system is so limited, student have no chance to things other than what the teacher have teached. 3. What is the WPA, and why wont Mr. Cunningham work for it? WPA stand for Works Progress Administration. He didnt work for it because he is proud of himself, he wont take help and charity, he take only what he work for.Chapter 3 1. Calpurnia lectures Scout on manners when Scout criticzes Walters manners and Atticus supports her. What does this tell you about how both Calpurnia and Atticus feel about others? Scout has a good relationship with Atticus but she doesnt really like Calpurnia since she think Cal hates her because they always argue about things and always takes the side of Jem. And the point of view from Cal and Atticus is very difference. Cal will give lecture to the children if they did something wrong, but Atticus will try to impact the important message to the children. 2. Burris Ewell, Walter Cunningham, and Chuck little are all from extremely poor families. However, there are great differences both in appearance and in attitudes, particularly between the Cunninghams and the Ewells. What are those differences andwhy do you suppose they exist? Between Burris Ewell, Walter Cunningham They are both from a very poor family. But Walters family is respectable, but Ewells family is disreputable. Ewell have no attemp of dressing up to school, following rule, or even come back to school again. But as for Walter, he attend school in a clean shirt and neatlt mended overall. This is to show how disreputable Ewells family is, and prepare us to the up coming trial of Tom Robinson.3. Atticus tells Scout, You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view until you climb in skin and walk around in it. What are some of the things that Scout begins to realize at this points? (p.34) Scout have begin to realize things can be both way, and she just cant judge something from what she see/heard. 4. Why does Atticus say that the law is rigid for common folk, but it is bent in certain ways for the Ewells? I think it is because common folk that day just wont have enough money to hire lawyer to protect themselves, so it is not too fair to them. AS for Ewell, they are some how always let off by the law. For example, during school, Ewell just stand and announce to the whole class I am just going to attend school today only. 5. What is the compromise which Atticus suggests? Atticus compromise to Scout is the following. .. Scout can keep on reading at home, but she will have to go back to school and try to get along better with her tacher. Atticus also told Scout that part of growing up is to learn for to deal with people like Miss Caroline, Walter. . who have different ideas about how things are done.Chapter 4 1. In what specific ways does Scout criticize the school she is attending During the year, Scout have found the school very boring, and also indicated to us that the regular education for Scout have not done anything to her. 2. Where do you suppose the gum and the pennies are coming from? What makes you think so? I think the gifts are coming from Boo Radley, simplely because where Scout the gift is right at the corner of Boo Radley, as well, Boo always a mystery person to everybody, so this mystery gifts just like Boos character. 3. Scout has two reason for wanting to quit the Radley Game What are they? First of all, I think Scout wanted to quit the game is because once they were playing, and she got push too far, and went right into Boos yard. And she said she heard someone laughing from Boos house. Secondly, because when Jem and Dill are talking about ghost and superstistions, Scout dismisses the story by saying thats nigger talk.Chapter 5 1. Based on the description of Miss Maudie and her conversations with Scout, write a brief character analysis of Miss Maudie. Give your evidence. Miss Maudie is a very friendly and warmth person. She hated staying at her house, she is widow, loved flowers and plants except nut grass, crisp voice, gold filling in her teeth, benevolent, cook well, Baptist. She is very nice and friendly to Scout and Jem, and she earn the same respect from Scout as Atticus have. Just because of her friendship with the children because she can keep sercet for them.2. Explain Miss Maudies statement on p.49 . ..sometimes the Bible in the hands of one man is worse than a whiskey bottle in the hand ofoh, of your father. Because some one with a Bible on their hand can use the power of it on the wrong direction. 3. Paraphrase Atticuss speech about Radleys right to privacy. Do you agree with his point of view? Why or why not? Atticus policy is basicly tell the children everyone have their right, if he want to come out he will do so, and if chooses not to, that is his right. He is, after all, a human being not a phantom. Chapter 6 1. What reason do Jem and Dill give for trying to peek into the Radley window on this particular night? Their reason of trying to peek into the window is that thats the last night summer.2. What final statement by Jem makes Scout finally go along with the plan? Jem told Scout that they are just going to go peek through the windows. And against Scout better judgement, she went with them. 3. After the incident. Jems real desire is not just to recover his pants but to keep on good terms with Atticus. What does this tell you about Jems relationship with his father? This have show us that Jem and Atticus have a very good relationship, where Jem would not want to get Atticus angry and dis-trust Jem. That also show us Jem care about the relationship.Chapter 7 1. What was the condition of Jems pants when he found them? Why did their condition frighten him further? Jem found his pants, but the problem is that when he found it, the condition is: mended, and neatly folder. After the whole week he went back to the fence and get it, he was moody and quiet. 2. What is the signifiance of the gift in the tree? From this small gifts given by Boo to Jem and Scout, Jem have kind of become a sercet friends to Boo.3. Explain why Mr. Nathan fills the hole in the tree with cement. Why does Jem cry about this? Jem have asked Mr. Nathan why he fill the hold with cement, and his reply is that the tree is dieing, and cement will prevent from growing. But Jem afterward have consult Atticus, and Atticus that the tree look heathy. And now Jem realize Mr. Nathan are trying to prevent his brother Boo from pursuing the friendship. Chapter 8 1. Why do Jem and Scout make the snowman such an obvious replica of Mr. Avery? Jem made the snowman by using mud to built the base, and cover it with snow. And it is an unmistakeable resemblance to their neighbor, Mr. Avery. 2. Why does Atticus decide to keep the blanket incident a sercet? Jem was convinceing his father, Atticus, not to return the blanket and keep it a sercet. Since Jem didnt want Mr. Nathan found out about this and punish his brother, Boo. 3. After the fire is over, how does Miss. Maudie feel about the destrustion of her house? What does this tell you about her character, he value? The next morning after the fire, Miss Maudie is already work hard trying to clean up her garden. She accepts good-naturedly the catasrophe which befell her. Part 2 Chapter 9-15 1. Explain Atticus statements about the following: a. the use of the word nigger (p 79) At school when Scout get into a fight with Cecil because Cecil said Atticus is defending niggers. But Atticus explain to Scout that he is not defending nigger, but he is defending for a nergo, and told Scout that she will hear more things in the near future, ask Scout to hold her head high and to keep her fists down. b. his personal reasons for defending Tom Robinson(p 80) His personal reason of taking this case is because he believes in the issues at skate. He will fight his hardest to win the case, even though he is bound to lose, because that is the true meaning of moral courage. c. Simply because we were licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us not to try to win He is explaining to Scout that every lawyer will be dealing with a case that will affect their whole career, and this is the one for Atticus, and he is saying that even if it is the hardest case, he will use his courage to try his best, since it is morally wrong to Atticus that if he dont take this case just because he have no chance of winning. d. When a child asks you something, answer him, for goodness sakes. But dont maje a production of it. Children is children, but they can spot an evasion quicker than adults. ..(p 92) Atticus is saying that if a children is asking something, that mean they are trying to learn more, and we should answer them no matter what, but also children catch on very fast, so dont go too far when answering. f. the answer is she knows I know she tries. Thats what makes a difference.(p 92) He is saying that whatever the children do, as long as they try, thats good enough already. 2. Who are the following people, and how are they related to Atticus and to the children. a. Alexandra She is Atticuss sister, where she didnt agree Atticus defends for Tom Robinson at all. She believe that childrens should run free, especially Scout, she should be taught to be a lady. She is a very good cook as well. Self-Reflective Essay It is while she was hugging Tom when Mr. Ewell saw them throught the window, and Tom ran always with confusion. 4. What mistake did Tom make in saying that he felt sorry for Mayella? By saying that, it tell other people Tom care about Mayella, and it is not right, since he is black, and Mayella is white. 5. Explain Scouts statement that she (Mayella) was lonelier than Boo Radley. Scout think that Mayella didnt mean to hurt Tom. She only wanted affection. Now one wany or another, Mayellas father has convinced her that accusing Tom is the only was to restore the familys lost pride.Chapter 20 1. How does Mr. Raymond defend his deliberate appearance of drunkenness? When Dill drink from Mr. Raymond bottle, Dill was suprised when the drunk turn out to be Coca-Cola. Mr Raymond explain that by appearing to be drunk he offers people an excuse for his outrageous behavior. He tell said he prefers to live with the negroes but he realize the town people cant never accept him if they knew the truth. 2. Why does he tell Scout and Jem about his life? Mr. Raymound told the children his secret because he knows they are young enough not to have been inflected by the thinking of prejudiced adult. Their innocence allows them to see through the artifical barrier of color and to accept an individual for what he is. 3. In five or six sentences, paraphrase Atticus summation (closing speech) to the jury. Atticus says that he feels pity for Mayella because didnt commit a crime, but in fact broken a moral code of society. She is guilty of breaking the code and trying to cover it up by accusing Tom Roninson. Toms motive for helping Mayella was simply that he felt sorry for her. Not everyone is created equal. Some are smarter, soem are born richer, some have better job, etc.All people should be equal in a court.Chapter 21 1. How does Scout know about the verdict before she hears it? The Children expect a easy victory from all the evidence give. But their youth and innocence they had not know of the other, evil forces that would not allow a not guilty verdict. 2. Why do the Negroes stand when Atticus leaves the courtroom? Because they think he is a hero to them, since they know that even though he lost the case he fought as hard as he could. Part 4 Chapter 22-31 1. How does Atticus feel when the verdict is announced? Atticus feel this is not right, and decide to appeal the case. He have also point out that this is not the first time justice has been mocked by white people. 2. After Jem expresses disillusionment over the trial and the verdict, Miss Maudie defends the town and its people. Paraphrase what she say to Jem. From what Miss Maudie told Jem, the jurys ways of doing things have been change. Usually, this kind of case result will be ready in a minute. But this time it take a long time. As well, she also point out that Judge Taylor have found Tom best lawyer possible, which is Atticus instead of using an un-experience Maxwell Green. Miss Maudie use this two things to defends the town and showing sign of change.3. What cause Miss Maudie to say that at least they have made a baby step in the right direction? What make her say that is the things Maycomb did during this event, people have changed a little bit. But there are still along way to go before black and white can be equal. 4. What kind of clown does Dill decide to be? Explain his reasoning. He want to be a clown when he grow up, the reason is that There aint one thing in this world I can do about folks except laughChapter 23 1. How does Atticus react to Bob Ewell against him? Atticus is not unduly upset by Bob Ewells threat. He knows that Bob is angry because even though he won the case, he was shown up as a liar in front of the whole town. And Atticus feels sure that Bob wont act on his threat. 2. Explain Atticus statement about the following: a. reasonable doubt This show his worry toward Tom Robinson, and how the appeal will turn out. b. When its a white mans word against a black mans, the white man always wins. Atticus is saying how the sociaty is prejudice against black people, and the law system is not fair to the black man at all.c. People have a way of carrying their resentments right into the jury box. Atticus are saying that people in the jury box are judging the case with resentment. d. Its all adding up, and one of these days we are going to pay the bill for it. Atticus are trying to say that all these things we are doing to the black peoples one day black people might just do the same thing to us. 3. Briefly show the difference in attitude toward the Cunninghams as expressed by: a. Atticus Cunninghams are one of the jury, and he wanted to acquit Tom Robinson. And he is the person who held the jury decision. Atticus agree the children to be friend with Cunninghams. b. Aunt Alexandra When the children said want to be friend with Cunninghams, she disagree, she said they are trash, their background is difference from them, as well, the children raised by their father have a very difference value. 4. Why cant Jem accept Scouts opinion that there is just one kind of folksfolks Because believe there many difference type of people, and they are not the same folks. Chapter 24 1. What unfortunate characteristics do the ladies of the missionary circle display? Do you think this is typical of such groups? This people are speaking with compassion for the neglicted tribes of Africa while insulting and demeaning the Negroes who work in their homes. I think this is very typical of such groups since this is a group of white people, where the must be all alike each other characteristics. And as we know Aunt Alexandra dont really like Negro, so we can expect the whole group is like this. 2. Discuss the irony of Mrs. Merriweathers admiration for J. Grimes Everett and her attitude toward the trial. Saying that the trial is prejudice against black people, and it cant never be fair to the black. 3. Scout feels she prefers men to women. Why? Do you agree with her reasons? She generally prefers the company of men who do not try to insinuate their criticism behind false praise. Men, she thinks, are more forthright. 4. What does Miss Maudie mean by were paying the highest tribute we can pay a man? I think they are refering to Atticus. Where Atticus is such a great man that they pay the highest tribute they can. Chapter 25 1. How does most of the town react to Toms death? Most part of the town people are not really interested of what happen to Tom. And they are just thinking it was a typical of a nigger to cut and run. 2. In what way is Mr. Underwoods editorial in the Maycomb Tribune similar to Atticus advice to Jem and Scout when they got their guns? Mr Underwoods say it is a sin to kill s cripple just as it is a sin to kill innocent songbird.Chapter 26 1. Scout is growing up. Explain her feelings now about: a. their former cruel games concerning Boo Radley When she walk pass Boos place, she regard of what she did in the pass. And she now hold no terror of Boos place. b. her remaining desire to see Boo in person She is still wondering about see Boo in person. c. Atticus apparent knowledge about their previous activities Atticus told Scout that Jem have no forget about the trial, but she is just storing it in her memory, and put it away until he is better prepare to deal with it. d. Cuurent Event During school, where the teacher is explaining the difference between democracy and dictatorship, the teacher use Uniied States as an example, and Scout was wondering how can they call themselves democracy when they are still prejudice against Negroes. 2. What is the irony of Miss Gates lecture on democracy when compared to her comments at the trial? The irony is that US will be changing and make it fair between Black and White, and in order to become a true demoracy country. 3. When Scout tries to tell Jem about Miss Gates, why does he react so violently? Explain Atticus answer to her about this. Atticus explain that Jem is still not ready to deal with the trial event yet. He have store that event in her memory until she is prepare for it.Chapter 27 1 What were the three threatening things that had happened in Maycomb by the middle of October? First, Bob Ewell got and lost his job, and he complained that Atticus had the job taken from him. Second, someone tried to break into Judge Taylors house, and third, Helen Robinson, had given a job by former Toms employer, Link Deas. 2. Why do Atticus and Aunt Alexandra not intend to go to the Halloween pageant? Atticus and Aunt Alexandra have the feeling that Bob Ewell will not give up that easy, and feel the there will be something happen.Chapter 28 1. What does Cecil Jacobs do before the pageant which helps setup the incidents which occur after the pageant? Cecil Jacobs, jump out all the suddent from the darkness, during the walk to the pageant of Scout and Jem, and fighten them. 2. What things do Jem and Scout think the noise might be? They thought there is someone following them.3. How many people is finally involved in the skirmsh under the tree? 4 people: Scout, Jem, Boo Radley, and Bob Ewell which is shot by a kitchen knife on his ribs.Chapter 29 1. Who saved Jem and Scout? Boo Radley. The costume Scout wear saved her life, since it blocked the knife and end up on Bob Ewell. 2. Atticus and Heck Tate disagree over the essential worth of Bob Ewell. Whom do you agree with and why? I agree with Heck Tate more, just because the things that Bob have done. Blaming Tom for raping, being un-polite to Atticus, trying to kill Scout and Jem. 3. Briefly describe the meeting beteeen Scout and Boo. How does this compare to how she imagines thee meeting would be? This time, when Scout saw Boo standing in the dark corning all alone, then she realize thats Boo.Chapter 30 1. There seems to be an immediate understanding between Scout and Boo. Why do you think this do so? The connection start where Heck Tale said if they drag Boo into the limelight, is like killing a mockingbird. Scout fully understand the reason not to kill a mockingbird. Scout acknowledges that this is as much of a sin as killing an inncoent songbird. 2. Atticus and Heck Tale have a heated argument. Does either of them really believe what he saying? Atticus that Jem was the one who stabbed Boo for self defence. But Heck said no, he said it is Bob felt on his knife. At first Atticus thought Heck is trying to cover up for Jem, but later he realize he is trying to cover up for Boo, since it is necessary for Boo to kill Bob in order to save the children life.3. How does Scout assure Atticus that Mr. Tate is right? Scout tell Atticus that putting Boo into the limelight is like killing a mockingbird. Chapter 31 1. When she takes Boo home, Scout understands many things as she sees the street from this new point of view. Explain some of the things she sees now. As she is standing in front of Boo place, she realize the view from Boos place is completely difference. From that point, looking at their own house, where she see herself playing with Jem all through the four session. And after all this year Boo have watch them play, Scout and Jem are kind of like become Boos children.. when they need help, Boo will be there for them. 2. Describe the feelings you experienced as you read the closing scene. I have found that Boo have been in a very sad position, where he watch this kid playing everyday on the street, but he couldnt come out. And he have fall in love with this kid so much that they are like his children. But I have also see that when you have look at things in difference angles, it maybe completely difference, and it might be a big supprise, too.

The Importance of Being Earnest Review

'The Importance of Being Earnest' Review ​​The Importance of Being Earnest is Oscar Wildes most well-known and best-loved play, as well as being an enormous success in his lifetime. For many people, it is the apogee of Wildes work. Like Wilde, the play is the very embodiment of fin de sieclà © British dandyism. However, this seemingly frivolous play has a much darker side. Its critique of Victorian societythough delivered in a velvet gloveis every inch an iron fist. The play is a satire both of the hypocrisies of the society in which Wilde lived, and the damaging effect that these hypocrisies can have on the souls of those live under their rule. Wilde was to become one of those souls shortly after the first performance of the play when he initiated a libel trial that was to lead to his imprisonment for being a homosexual.​ Overview ofThe Importance of Being Earnest The play is based around two young men, one of whom is an upright young man called Jack who lives in the country. However, in order to escape the drudgery of his highly conservative lifestyle, he has created an alter-ego, Ernest, who has all kinds of reprobate fun in London. Jack says he often has to visit his poor brother Ernest, which gives him his opportunity to escape his boring life and have fun with his good friend, Algernon. However, Algernon comes to suspect that Jack is leading a double life when he finds a personal message in one of Jack’s cigarette cases. Jack makes a clean breast of his life, including the fact that he has a young and attractive ward by the name of Cecily Cardew back on his estate in Gloucestershire. This piques Algernons interest and, uninvited, he turns up on the estate pretending to be Jack’s brotherthe reprobate Ernestin order to woo Cecily. In the meantime, Jacks fiancà ©e, (and Algernons cousin) Gwendolen has also arrived, and Jack admits to her that he is, in fact, not called Ernest, but is called Jack. Algernon, despite his better judgment, also confesses to Cecily that his name is not Ernest either. This causes a good deal of trouble in our heroes love lives, as both women have a rather strange attachment to the name Ernest, and cannot consider marrying anyone who does not go by that name. There is another impediment to the marriages. Gwendolens mother, Lady Bracknell, will not countenance her daughter marrying someone of Jacks social status (he was an orphan who was found by his adoptive parents in a handbag at Kings Cross Station). As Jack is Cecilys guardian, he will not allow her to marry Algernon unless his aunt, Lady Bracknell changes her mind. This seemingly irresolvable conundrum becomes brilliantly solved when, on inspection of the handbag, Lady Bracknell reveals that Algernons brother had become lost in just such a handbag and that Jack must, in actuality, be that lost child. What’s more, the child had been christened Ernest. The play ends with a prospect of two very happy marriages. The Importance of Being Earnest combines a labyrinthine plot, the seemingly irresolvable narrative of a farce, and some of the most comic and wittiest lines ever written. It is, as can probably be surmised from its extraordinary to-ings and fro-ings and its incredibly unlikely resolution, is not to be taken as a serious drama. Indeed, the characters and the setting lack any real depth; they are, first and foremost, vessels for Wilde’s witticisms lampooning the shallow and roots-obsessed society in which he lived.   However, this is not to the plays detriment – the audience is treated to some of the most sparkling verbal wit ever seen. Whether luxuriating in paradox or simply in the ridiculousness created by the plot that Wilde has set in motion, the play is at its best when it is portraying supposedly serious things in an extremely trivial matter.   However, this seeming piece of fluff is enormously influential and is actually a destructive critique of the social mores of the times. The emphasis that is put in the play on surfacesnames, where and how people were brought up, the way that they dressbelies a yearning for something which is more substantial. Wilde can be credited, by producing a piece of polished decadence, with contributing to the destruction of a class-based, surface-obsessed society. Wildes play seems to say, look beneath the surface, try and find the real people stifled beneath social norms. Brilliant, inventive, witty andwhen performedabsolutely hilarious, Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest, is a landmark in the history of Western theater, and probably that writer’s greatest achievement.

Make a Memory Book With Questions to Ask Your Relatives

Make a Memory Book With Questions to Ask Your Relatives Important pieces of a familys history are found only in the memories of the living relatives. But many times those personal stories are never written down or shared before it is too late. The thought-provoking questions in a memory book can make it easier for a grandparent or other relation to recall people, places and times that they thought they had forgotten. Help them tell their story and record their precious memories for posterity by creating a personalized memory book or journal for them to complete. Make a Memory Book Begin by purchasing an empty three ring binder or a blank writing journal. Look for something that either has removable pages or lies flat when open to make writing easier. I prefer the binder because it lets you print and use your own pages. Even better, it also allows your relative to make mistakes and start over with a fresh page, which can help lessen the intimidation factor. Create a List of Questions Be sure to include questions which cover each phase of the individuals life: childhood, school, college, job, marriage, raising children, etc. Get your family into the act and have your other relations and children suggest questions that interest them. These history interview questions can help you get started, but dont be afraid to come up with additional questions of your own. Gather Together Family Photos Select images that include your relative and their family. Have them professionally scanned into digital format or do it yourself. You can also photocopy the photos, but this generally doesnt yield as nice a result. A memory book offers an excellent opportunity to have kin identify individuals and recall stories in unidentified photos. Include one or two unidentified photos per page, with sections for your relative to identify the people and place, plus any stories or memories which the photo may prompt them to recall. Create Your Pages If youre using a hard-backed journal you can print and paste in your questions or, if you have nice handwriting, pen them in by hand. If youre using a 3-ring binder, use a software program such to create and arrange your pages before printing them out. Include only one or two questions per page, leaving plenty of room for writing. Add photos, quotes or other little memory triggers to accent the pages and provide further inspiration. Assemble Your Book Decorate the cover with personalized sayings, photos or other family memories. If you want to get really creative, scrapbooking supplies such as archival-safe stickers, die cuts, trim, and other decorations can help you add a customized, personal touch to the publishing process. Once your memory book is complete, send it off to your relative with a pack of good writing pens and a personal letter. Once they have completed their memory book, you may want to send new pages with questions to add to the book. Once they return the completed memory book to you, be sure to have photocopies made to share with family members and protect against possible loss.

Human Reource management for Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Reource management for Samsung - Essay Example The organizational structure also determines the approaches used in decision-making. This paper will present a report on the strategies that Samsung can adopt to register high performance and ensure a favorable working environment. Motivation and Reward This section will present an analysis of the motivation and reward procedure used by Samsung. In a bid to motivate its workers, Samsung has a very modern strategy, which offers the workers with a diverse range of possibilities. For starters, the managers in Samsung have made sure that the working hour-schedule suits the employees in conformity to their preferences, a factor that ensures that people are enthusiastic of each day’s work. Employees have a clear ascending path in the company, with the option to remain at the level of an individual contributor or become a manager (Pattanayak, 2005). It gives the employee awareness that if he does a good job, he will very likely ascend in the hierarchy, and receive a bigger salary and extra benefits. It is a strong motivational factor as the employee receives an adequate challenge, and the outcomes of staying with the company. Samsung has adopted a â€Å"pick your package† style of benefits for the employees. ... Moreover, Samsung is working on improving their workplace to offer a free catering, Starbucks gym, and social club on-site. Some optional benefits include social events, holidays, activities within the company, and many more, to maintain a good relationship between the company and the staff. This human resource strategy has shown its viability as evidenced by its adoption by companies such as Google and Kaspersky labs. The feedback collected from the employees indicates a feeling of satisfaction and a will to progress within the company (Pattanayak, 2005). Evidently, Samsung has achieved its goal in terms of motivation and reward. Samsung has also considered establishing goal incentives. This is an additional performance-based pay system to reward employees for improvement in their work efficiency. This system makes use part of the extra profit generated because of the effective performance of the management, human resource, facilities, and technology of our company (Lindholm, Yarris h, &Zaballero, 2012). When a business unit achieves good business performance, it allocates part of the extra profit to executives and employees. Under this system, part of an employee’s salary is determined based on the collective performance of the group. This is a variable reward system, under which executives and employees receive part of the profit in cases where a high performance that exceeds the goal is registered. Organizational Change and Culture This section describes Samsung's organizational change and culture, with admiration to RensisLikert’s participative decision-making theory. According to this theory, employers should seek to allow

Examine the impact of the US economic crisis on the caribbean nations Essay

Examine the impact of the US economic crisis on the caribbean nations - Essay Example In the Caribbean region which is highly dependent on tourism, the effects of the financial crisis have been most felt on the tourism industry, which has been the key driving force of the region’s economy from the start of 1990s.This later on, caused ripple effects to be felt on the other sectors of the economy such as health. Caribbean countries have been making significant improvements and developments in health outcomes, but due to the US economic crisis, this progress has been threatened, by the reduction of the potential to invest in health by both government and households (World Bank 2009b, p.1).Even though there is a mixture up in empirical results, many studies show that the adverse effects of economic crisis is most likely to be concentrated in countries and households that are poor. (ibid, p.9). Outcomes in health and financing in health are mostly affected by financial crises in more complex manners. Thus in several countries such as those in the Caribbean regions health and disability funding highly deteriorated during the US economic crisis, however the result is quite sensitive to existing policy measures aimed at mitigating the economic effects of the crisis. Thus quick and effective responses are required from the international bodies and respective governments will be very crucial in protecting of the vulnerable sick and disabled people from the adverse effects of US economic crisis. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact that the US economic crisis had on the health and disabled fraternity in the Caribbean nations. The paper aims at looking at the impact of the US economic crisis on such social indicators as health and those that are afflicted by disability. It will look at the impact that aggregate fluctuations in income has on indicators of human development, particularly concerning health and the disabled. The results indicate that economic crisis had an adverse

How does the Constitution address the Grievances enumerates in the Essay

How does the Constitution address the Grievances enumerates in the Declaration of Indepence (use only 3 or 4 Grievances) - Essay Example The time went on, and the injuries inflicted upon the American people worsened. The elders of America attended forum over forum and at last addressed the British people, but they were not paid heed to. The King of Britain saw these efforts as alarming and started a ruthless war against America. This was the moment the elders of America were left with no alternative but to go for their separation from Britain (Jefferson and Fink 12-15). It was 1776 that the thirteen colonies of the Atlantic Coast rebelled against their mother kingdom England. They declared their independence and formed a confederation of states. From the very first day of the establishment of the confederation, it was loosely organized. There were no centralized powers to bind the states in a particular way. A think-tank called Congress consisted of the delegates from member states. The purpose of Congress was to make recommendations; however, it had no powers to implement these recommendations. Resultantly, the state s violated the recommendations as well as laws and rules again and again. Time went by and the situation aggravated as the states insisted to retain their sovereignty. There was neither any central judiciary nor any common executive branches of law. Both were necessary for the concept of Confederacy to succeed. After a few years, the experiences revealed that it was no more possible to bind all the states together in one frame. To meet the common ends, the establishment of an effective central government was necessary. In order to frame a joint central constitution, a convention was called in Philadelphia in 1787. They had laid the first stone of the base. The efforts bore fruit when the Constitution came into effect in 1789. According to it, different states had been organized on a federal basis. Today, the United States of America consists of 50 states, all coexisting in harmony. It stands to reason that the way England treat the people of America was unacceptable for them. The Co nstitution aimed at removing the same distresses which had forced them in the past to announce independence. For instance, one of the grievances, as it was highlighted in the Declaration of Independence, complained against the King: â€Å"He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within† (Jefferson and Fink 13). The Constitution of the United States of America provides redress of the said grievance with Section-2 of the Article-I in the words: â€Å"The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for the most numerous branch of the State Legislature† (Kammen 37). Th e Declaration reflects the anger of the people who did not a governor who could provide them the right to vote. The King could not be reached as no representative body existed there for long to bring the people’s miseries to the notice of the sovereign of England. The Constitution provided the people of the American States the right to elect the persons who could fight for them in their cause. They were now able to send their voice to the high towers of

Goodness As A Simple And Indefinable Property Philosophy Essay

Goodness As A Simple And Indefinable Property Philosophy Essay Moores Principia Ehica was the first to claim that goodness is an indefinable non-natural property belonging to a simple intuition. For Moore a property is natural if, and only if, it is detectable by the senses1. Ever since Moore, the debate of what good is has become essential to moral philosophy and meta ethics. Moore, to understand the simple notion of good, puts forth an analogy of the simple notion of yellow. The notion of yellow can only be conceived by those who already understand it, the same applies to good. Moore is contrasting the indefinable understanding of goodness to the indefinable perception of a colors qualia. Qualia is defined as the subjective quality of conscious experience2. We can mention certain properties of yellow: its specific wavelength or frequency. But we cannot mention what the nature of the property of being yellow is. This is because colour is a simple property that cannot be analyzed. To experience colour, we must appeal to our experience. Complex notions, on the other hand, can be defined by their sub-parts and the relationships between those sub-parts. The property of being a horse is an example of a complex object that can be defined because it has many different qualities3. But it can only be defined until it has been reduced to its simplest terms beyond which those simple terms cannot be defined. Since simple terms cannot be reduced any further, they cannot be clarified to anyone who does not already understand them. Yellow and good are not complex, but are simple notions. Moore, in this sense, thinks good is indefinable. Good, as a concept does not correspond to the concepts of pleasure, desire or usefulness. Given that there are things that we call pleasurable as well as good, but we can call a thing pleasurable, desirable or useful and then ask, but is it good? The fact that we are able to ask such a question of a thing with particular qualities of pleasure, desire or usefulness is evidence, for Moore, that good cannot be identical to the concepts of pleasure, desire or usefulness. This is known as the open-ended question problem. Saying that something is pleasurable does not exclude the question, yes, but is it good? The Open Question Argument Moore backs his claim that good is simple and indefinable through the famous open question argument. He argues that good cannot be defined by considering the fact that whatever definition be offered, it may be always asked, with significance, of the complex so defined, whether it is itself good 4. What he means by this argument is that, if we, for instance, equate good with doing what is pleasurable (which seems reasonable) then, Moore points out, that it can still be asked is it good to do what is pleasurable? Therefore, it remains an open question (hence the name of the argument) whether something is good, irrespective of it being pleasurable. Moore accepts that the argument does not demonstrate that pleasure is not the only test for an actions goodness, all it demonstrates is that what is pleasurable cannot be known by simply inspecting the definition of good. What is good has to be known in another way. Moore also formulates the term naturalistic fallacy. Â  Naturalistic fallacy is defined as an intent to classify some things simply being the case to the case of it being good. If something is pleasurable then, this quality alone cannot tell us anything about its being good. The Naturalistic Fallacy According to Moore, if good is simple, indefinable, cannot be analyzed and what is good? remains and open question then an attempt to define the simple notion of good as any other naturalistic notion is to commit the naturalistic fallacy5. To clarify, Moore draws the yellow analogy. Yellow can be defined as a specific wave length but these waves are not yellow. To commit the naturalistic fallacy is a common mistake when attempting to define good. While it may be entirely possible that all things that are good can also be something else, just as yellow things have certain other properties, but to equate these properties to the definition of good is incorrect. Good as an intuition Moore claims that though good is indefinable, it is part of our everyday coherent language. This is because we identify good based on our intuition. MacIntyre objects to this view by saying, how, then, do we recognise the intrinsically good? The only answer Moore offers is that we just do 6. But this would make good a complex notion since for different people good would have different analyzable content. Furthermore, this would be contrary to Moores claim of good being a simple notion. Objections Philosophers such as Mackie, MacIntyre and Nagel do not essentially agree with the naturalistic fallacy or the validity of the open question argument. Mackie, presents an objection to Moore with his argument from queerness. He argues that there is no such thing as goodness and badness. Moreover, he claims, goodness and badness have no properties or qualities that can be reduced to simpler terms since they do not exist. Goodness and badness are meant to properties of objects but they are queerly different to other properties like weight, size or fabric. Mackie concludes that goodness and badness are prescriptive moral terms and intrinsic or inherent properties of things is simply not possible.7 Moore responds by arguing that good is a simple concept of ethics. And all other ethical concepts must be derived from it. Although good cannot be defined, what is good can be defined. Thus, while we do not know the definition of good we can identify which things are good. David Hume says it best, just because something is the case does not by that fact indicate to us that it ought to be the case. Â   Conclusion In my opinion, Moores claim of good being indefinable due to it being a simple and non natural property is an extreme argument to make. If Moore is right, then it would mean that there is no objective way of defining good and that the term is relative to the human species. This fact is hard to reconcile. There would be substantial implications for the way good is discussed at a practical and theoretical level of ethics. Many do not agree with Moores arguments, especially MacIntyre who says, more unwarranted and unwarrantable assertions are perhaps made in Principia Ethica than in any other single book of moral philosophy 8. But we have to accept that Moore has been responsible for raising many issue that have become central to meta ethics today. On the other hand, maybe good is so inherent and intrinsic to the human mind that we cannot completely define it. This would not be surprising as our language is not a rational or precise tool that can be used to comprehensively define one of the most important terms used in ethical discussions today.

The Approach of U.S. Foreign Policy and Terrorism Essay -- Argumentati

The Approach of U.S. Foreign Policy and Terrorism U.S. foreign policy is plunging head first in its war on terrorism. Our focus is expanding and including various dynamics that harbor American interests. By broadening our focus in our war on terrorism, we are beginning to spread ourselves too thin. Therefore, we risk the danger of fighting too many battles at once. Terrorism is a large issue that American foreign policy will not be able to tackle in the manner it has set out to do. Recently, Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle voiced his concern over the direction the U.S. is taking in its war on terrorism. He was criticized because his statements are "one of the most critical assessments to date of the U.S. war effort," and therefore "divisive at a time when the country needs to be united," (Bash). Daschle stated the war has been successful up until now, but was concerned the war effort has been spreading "without clear direction," (Bash). Daschle's statement reflects a growing concern in Congress on the expansion of the war on terrorism. U.S. foreign policy and its approach to the war are broadening to include a widening spectrum of terrorist related issues in more regions of the world. Daschle's main concern is that foreign policy initiatives supported by Congress in the aftermath of September 11th are taken as a blank check to expand the war on terrorism. Particularly, in the movement of American troops to regions of the world where events were not considered directly linked to US interests or security threats previously. His argument rests in the lack of communication between the Bush Administration and Congress on war initiatives. For example, despite regular briefing... ...sh.† CNN.com. 3 Mar 2002. www.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/03/03/Daschle.terror/index.html â€Å"Georgia: Caucasus flashpoint.† CNN.com. 27 Feb 2002. www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/02/27/georgia.chechnya/index.html Gordon, Michael R. â€Å"Saudis Warning Against Attack by U.S. on Iraq.† Nytimes.com. 17 Mar 2002. www.nytimes.com/2002/03/17/international/middleeast/17CHEN.html Press, Bill. "'Axis of Evil' Reveals Excess of Ignorance." CNN.com. 20 Feb 2002. www.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/02/20/column.billpress.index.html â€Å"U.S. expanding war on terrorism.† CNN.com. 1 Mar 2002. www.cnn.com/2002/US/03/01/ret.us.forces/index.html â€Å"U.S. may send troops to Yemen soon, officials say.† CNN.com. 12 Mar 2002. www.cnn.com/2002/US/03/12/ret.yemen.troops/index.html

The Negative Consequences of Deforestation

Earth without forests is a picture that most of human-kind presently could not conceive. Forests cover much of the planet†s land area. They are extremely important to humans and the natural world. However, deforestation has been consuming our forests. Deforestation brings about a lot of unexpected effects on the earth and results in many negative consequences. â€Å"If the current rate of deforestation continues, the world†s rain forests will vanish within 100 years-causing unknown effects on global climate and eliminating the majority of plant and animal species on the planet,† according to NASA†s Earth Observatory. Deforestation increases the greenhouse effect and accelerates global warming. It also causes erosion, and the silting of lakes or rivers is caused by soil erosion. The same source claims that deforestation is very hard to be stopped because â€Å"the causes of deforestation are very complex. † There are several reasons why this current trend exists. Deforestation occurs in many ways. People destroy or degrade forests because, for them, the benefits seem to outweigh the costs. Underlying causes include such issues as poverty, unequal land ownership, women†s status, education and the explosive growth of the population. Immediate causes are often concerned with a search for land and resources, including both commercial timber and fuelwood. One of the main indirect causes of deforestation is poverty, particularly poverty in rural areas. Although poverty is not a â€Å"principal cause† of deforestation, it is a living condition that the majority of people in this world must endure. While greed and power can be the motivations of some groups in society that deforest, survival and the desire to escape from poverty is what drives most people. Poverty is not only the socioeconomic environment that limits people†s economic options, damages health but also reduces income generating opportunities. It is an underlying condition that facilitates deforestation. There is some evidence from the industrialized countries of the North that suggests as societies become more economically secure they reach a point where the economic development pressures that drive deforestation are replaced by a growing environmental concern and a greater appreciation of environmental values. However, for most developing countries that point is off in the far distant future. Most tropical countries are very poor by U. S standards, and farming is a basic way of life for a large part of the population. According to NASA†s article, in Brazil, for example, â€Å"the average annual earnings per person is U. S. $5400, compared to $26,980 per person is the United States (World Bank, 1998)†, and in Bolivia, â€Å"which holds part of the Amazon rain forest, the average earnings per person is $800. † The rural poor have very few options. There are few prospects of off-farm employment in either the urban centers or the rural areas. Illiteracy further limits the options of many because they do not have the basic tools needed to pursue other economic alternatives to subsistence farming. With few alternatives available to them, the rural poor consider forests as a short-term solution to their economic problems. Deforestation happens as a result of poverty. More important than that, commercial logging is considered as the major direct cause of deforestation. NASA†s Earth Observatory asserts that â€Å"logging can occur selectively-where only the economically valuable species are cut or by clearcutting, where all the trees are cut. † The forces of large global markets for wood and wood products drive the scale of logging activities. Logging in the tropics does not in any way resemble scientific forestry and is often characterized by a â€Å"cut-and-get-out† mentality in logging companies. Forestry uses science and management skills to manipulate the natural vegetation to favor the long term production of a selected number of goods and services. In contrast, most tropical logging involves the short term exploitation of only industrial wood products with no eye to the future of the forests. The intensity of logging in Asia†s forests is much higher than in the forests found in America or Europe. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates: â€Å"About half the land area of South America and Europe is covered by forest, but only one-sixth of Asia's land is forested. † And â€Å"a study in Indonesia found that when only 3% of the trees were cut, a logging operation damaged 49% of the trees in the forest,† as the article from NASA has noted. In addition, at the national level, governments sell logging concessions to raise money for projects, to pay international debt, or to develop industry. The logging companies seek to harvest the forest and make profit from the sales of pulp and valuable hardwoods such as mahogany. They use heavy machinery, such as bulldozers, road graders, and log skidders, to remove cut trees and build roads, â€Å"which is just as damaging to a forest overall as the chainsaws are to the individual trees,† according to the same source from NASA. Logging is done because of profits. Not only individual lumberjacks but also logging companies seek material advantage. Therefore, any country that does not have a suitable forest management will gain a higher level of deforestation by commercial logging. As we have seen, the causes of deforestation are very complex. Knowing the main indirect and direct causes help us improve our understanding of the causes and also the effects of climatic and environmental change, so that we may become more effective and efficient managers of our natural resources, as well as mitigate potential impacts from natural disasters.

Cornelius Tacitus - Roman Historian

Cornelius Tacitus - Roman Historian Name: Cornelius TacitusDates: c. A.D. 56 - c. 120Occupation: HistorianImportance: Source on Imperial Rome, Roman Britain, and Germanic Tribes It is the rare fortune of these days that a man may think what he likes and say what he thinks.Histories I.1 Biography Little is known for certain about the origins of Tacitus, although he is believed to have been born, around A.D. 56, into a provincial aristocratic family in Gaul (modern France) or nearby, in the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul. We dont even know if his name was Publius or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus. He had a successful political course, becoming a senator, consul, and eventually governor of the Roman province of Asia. He probably lived and wrote into Hadrians reign (117-38) and may have died in A.D. 120. Despite a political situation that had provided for his personal success, Tacitus was unhappy with the status quo. He lamented the previous centurys reduction of aristocratic power, which was the price of having a princeps emperor. A Challenge to Latin Students As an iconoclastic Latin student, I thought it a blessing that so much of the prolific historian Livys Roman history, Ab Urbe Condita From the Founding of the City, had been lost. Tacitus poses an even greater challenge than volume to the Latin student because his prose is difficult to translate. Michael Grant acknowledges this when he says, the more prudent translators have prefaced their efforts by apologetic reminders that Tacitus has never been translated and probably never will be.... Tacitus comes from the Greco-Roman tradition of history writers whose purpose is as much to promote a rhetorical flourish-filled moral agenda as it is to record facts. Tacitus studied oratory at Rome, including the writing of Cicero, and may have written oratorical treatises before his 4 best-known writings, the historical/ethnographic pieces. Major Works: Agricola (Agricola in English),Germania,Historiae (Histories), andAnnales (Annals). The Annals of Tacitus We are missing about 2/3 of the Annales (an account of Rome year-by-year), but still have 40 out of 54 years. Annales isnt the only source for the period, either. We have Dio Cassius from about a century later, and Suetonius, a contemporary of Tacitus, who, as court secretary, had access to imperial records. Although Suetonius had important information and wrote a very different account, his biographies are considered less discriminating than Tacitus Annales. Tacituss Agricola, written in about A.D. 98, is described by Michael Grant as semi-biographical, moral eulogy of a personage in this case, his father-in-law. In the process of writing about his father-in-law, Tacitus provided a history and description of Britain. Germania and the Histories of Tacitus Germania is an ethnographic study of Central Europe in which Tacitus compares the decadence of Rome with the virility of the barbarians. Historiae Histories, which Tacitus wrote before Annales, treats the period from Neros death in A.D. 68 to A.D. 96. The Dialogus De Oratoribus Dialogue on Orators pits Marcus Aper, who favors oratorical eloquence, against Curiatius Maternus, who favors poetry, in a discussion (set in A.D. 74/75) of the decline in oratory. J.W. Mackails Latin Literature Part III. Chapter III. TacitusTacitus: HistoriesTacitus: The AnnalsTacitus: GermaniaVeleda - as described by TacitusA Summary of Tacituss Works

Women of the Black Arts Movement

Women of the Black Arts Movement The Black Arts Movement began in the 1960s and lasted through the 1970s. The movement was founded by Amiri Baraka (Leroi Jones) following the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965. Literary critic Larry Neal argues that the Black Arts Movement was the â€Å"aesthetic and spiritual sister of Black Power.† Like the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Arts Movement was an important literary and artistic movement that influenced African-American thought. During this time period, several African-American publishing companies, theaters, journals, magazines, and institutions were established. The contributions of African-American women during the Black Arts Movement cannot be ignored as many explored themes such as racism, sexism, social class, and capitalism. Sonia Sanchez Wilsonia Benita Driver was born on September 9, 1934, in Birmingham. Following the death of her mother, Sanchez lived with her father in New York City. In 1955, Sanchez earned a bachelor’s in political science from Hunter College (CUNY). As a college student, Sanchez began writing poetry and developed a writer’s workshop in lower Manhattan. Working with Nikki Giovanni, Haki R. Madhubuti, and Etheridge Knight, Sanchez formed the â€Å"Broadside Quartet.† Throughout her career as a writer, Sanchez has published more than 15 collections of poetry including Morning Haiku  (2010); Shake Loose My Skin: New and Selected Poems  (1999); Does Your House Have Lions? (1995); Homegirls Handgrenades  (1984); I’ve Been a Woman: New and Selected Poems  (1978); A Blues Book for Blue Black Magical Women  (1973); Love Poems  (1973); We a BaddDDD People  (1970); and Homecoming  (1969). Sanchez has also published several plays including Black Cats Back and Uneasy Landings  (1995), I’m Black When I’m Singing, I’m Blue When I Ain’t  (1982),  Malcolm Man/Don’t Live Here No Mo’ (1979), Uh Huh: But How Do It Free Us?  (1974), Dirty Hearts ‘72  (1973), The Bronx Is Next  (1970), and  Sister Son/ji  (1969). A children’s book author, Sanchez has written A Sound Investment and Other Stories  (1979), The Adventures of Fat Head, Small Head, and Square Head  (1973), and It’s a New Day: Poems for Young Brothas and Sistuhs  (1971). Sanchez is a retired college professor who resides in Philadelphia. Audre Lorde Writer Joan Martin argues in Black Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation that Audre Lorde’s work â€Å"rings with passion, sincerity, perception, and depth of feeling.† Lorde was born in New York City to Caribbean parents. Her first poem was published in Seventeen magazine. Throughout her career, Lorde published in several collections including  New York Head Shop and Museum  (1974),  Coal  (1976),  and The Black Unicorn (1978). Her poetry often reveals themes dealing with love, and lesbian relationships. As a self-described â€Å"black, lesbian, mother, warrior, poet,† Lorde explores social injustices such as racism, sexism, and homophobia in her poetry and prose. Lorde died in 1992. bell hooks bell hooks was born Gloria Jean Watkins  on September 25, 1952, in Kentucky. Early in her career as a writer, she began using the pen name bell hooks in honor of her maternal great-grandmother, Bell Blair Hooks. Most of hooks’ work explores the connection between race, capitalism, and gender. Through her prose, Hooks argues that gender, race, and capitalism all work together to oppress and dominate people in society. Throughout her career, hooks has published more than thirty books, including the noted Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism in 1981. In addition, she has published articles in scholarly journals and mainstream publications. She appears in documentaries and films as well. hooks notes that her greatest influences have been abolitionist Sojourner Truth along with Paulo Freire and Martin Luther King, Jr. hooks is a Distinguished Professor of English at the City College of the City University of New York. Sources Evans, Mari. Black Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation. Paperback, 1 edition, Anchor, August 17, 1984. Hooks, Bell. Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. 2 Edition, Routledge, October 16, 2014.

Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Democracy - Essay Example The United States legal system is the foundation of democracy and freedom because it draws boundaries on which rights and freedoms the administration can violate or interfere with. In the United States legal system, human rights are increasingly essential for a harmonious and prosperous society. In the US, because every citizen owns property, the United States laws and the public recognize the principle of property rights. Similarly, the US government ensures that the political rights idea trickles right down to the minority group or citizen. An ethical and religious rights conception appears to be diminishing; therefore, it is crucial to link the rights idea to the public interest. United States legal system has managed to practice this by giving the public political rights since the start, but in some other nations, it may be hard to give the society political rights because they may utilize the rights in an unethical way because they have been deprived of such rights for a long time. The US legal system assures citizens a role in lawmaking to ensure an extensive moral strength of the law. Similarly, in the United States, the public have a personal choice, interest and freedom in obeying the state laws, including the laws they oppose because they realize that, in some occasions, they will give the majority opinion and will condition the minority to adhere to the law. Whereas the powerful may always be the minority, their discomfort is not fatal as their power makes law violation increasingly risky.

Compare and contrast Manifest Destiny and Zionism as ideological Essay

Compare and contrast Manifest Destiny and Zionism as ideological forces - Essay Example The Manifest destiny was the pinnacle for America’s outward expansionism movement which was fueled by many factors. Between 1801 and 1861, exploration was encouraged as America underwent vast territorial expansion and settlement. Thus, westward migration was influenced by geography and economic opportunity. Prior to the Civil War, most industrialization in America was in the North; however, the equipment produced in the North had an impact on the farming society in the South. One of the most significant factors that contributed to the development expansion of the United States was the fertile land that was available in the South. The large plantations in the south gave the rise to slave labor was the fertile farmland in the Midwest enabled United States to accomplish several things. First of all, the invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin initiated the rise to slave labor in the rich land that extended beyond from Carolina to Texas, which expanded the United States borde r. The fertile land gave boosted the American economy, which contributed to development of United States. Another key element that enabled USA to expand was the variety of minerals that were abundant westwards. California In order to implement the notion of Manifest Destiny, the innovation of â€Å"white man’s burden† was heavily utilized. Clearly, it was the responsibility of America to tame these â€Å"savages† who were devil worshippers. However, the true cause of expansionism relied on many factors. The country was new and with the advent of industrialization, became a monster that was fueled by innovation, capital, and labor. The country wanted to dominate internationally and show the world the brute power of railroads it possessed. The idea of the Manifest destiny also sprouted from racism in which the white race had to prevail itself as the dominant race. Since God had given the white race the elite title, it was upon the

Gallery Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gallery Paper - Essay Example A reflection of the Impressionist style is seen in Poppy Field whereby Monet depicts his perception through rough stokes of brush, vivid hues on a light colored canvas. The painting captures a spontaneous approach and depicts a snapshot of a scene that the artist has chosen. The most enthralling part of this painting is that it looks simplistic as opposed to complex; as if it were drawn with much ease. The painting depicts a typical day in Argenteuil’s summers (Murray). The most prominent part of the painting is the arrangement of various elements under consideration in the painting. The flat, horizontal flower bed is in strike contrast to the vertical stance of the trees. Furthermore, the striking green leaves stand in sheer contrast to the grass in the field which has been painted brown with a slight tinge of green as if it were dried. The essence of the painting is captured by the poppies that are painted vividly red with roughly six to seven random strokes of red brush at the bottom of the painting. To add to it, the sky stands in deep contrast to the rest of the painting with light blue hues and several scattered feathery clouds portraying a bright summer’s day. Monet has been more than just successful in outlining the sky with the aid of trees and the earth. The soil, although it encapsulates the largest space in the painting, gives an enthralling effect whereby its dark colors cause it to retreat and the white hues in the clouds cause it to become more prominent. Since the sky is in stark contrast to the trees and the soil, the ground and the trees drift the viewer’s attention to the sky. The perception of the artist is such that he controls the viewer’s eye movements by positioning the objects in a particular fashion. Hence, the viewer’s eyes first roll to the sky then towards the trees on the left side, and in the end towards the ground itself. It is a common mistake to think that because the ground depicts a lot of p eople that would be the most capturing position in the entire painting. In reality this is certainly not the case. Rather, the people become the most insignificant part of the painting, and that is simply because the people stand small in front of the greatness of the sky. At another instance also the painting demonstrates the insignificance of people by portraying three different people on the ground; the boy in the front who waves to the audience, and two women in the backdrop. Finally, the insignificance of man is further highlighted by the fact that the artist depicts a holistic view of man; he does not go into details and does not show the features of the boy of the women, in an attempt to merge them with the rest of the scenario. The boy is merely a figure and the artist does not even give the slightest hint of where his features ought to be. Furthermore, the hues used by Monet are bright ones, such as yellows, blues and greens; however, they tend to be not so bright or appear somewhat faded out by the scorching rays of the sun. We can, therefore, confidently say that the painting captures at length the sentiments of experiencing a typical summer’s day. Perhaps a significant aspect of this painting was that the outlines were thinned; the painting articulately depicted a melodrama of colors, a colorful fusion of brightly colored hues all blended together in an eloquent

Referring to your Wider Reading Essay Example for Free

Referring to your Wider Reading Essay By Comparing Extracts A, B and C and Referring to your Wider Reading, Examine how Typical in both Style and Treatment of Subject Matter these writings are of Literature from or about the First World War The experiences of men and women within the war differed drastically, due to the different roles played by each gender; women lacked knowledge of the trauma undergone by soldiers on the frontline, due to their lack of personal experience. However, there was not only contrast between men and women in their attitudes and view of the war: Depending on the nature of their involvement in the war, attitudes of women were many and varied, as were those of men. Written by Jessie Pope, a writer well-known for the propaganda portrayed by her poetry throughout the war, Whos for the Game? harbours an extremely motivational, patriotic tone. This is due to the fact that Pope was commissioned to write poems that would encourage young men to join up and fight for their country. As such, this poem illustrates Popes utilisation of certain literary techniques in order to rouse an arguably ill-founded passion inside young men to fight to defend their country. Popes use of rhetorical questions throughout this poem acts as a gripping device, and holds the attention of the reader; Whos for the game, the biggest thats played, The red, crashing game of a fight? Wholl give his country a hand? As well as demonstrating Popes use of rhetorical questions and the patriotism within her poetry, this quote also illustrates her technique of comparing the brutal war to a sports game, which is further supported by her statement; Wholl grip and tackle the job unafraid? in which sports terminology is utilised, in order to enable her target audience, the young men of the time, to relate to what is being said: Sports games were popular amongst boys of the early Twentieth Century, and by comparing the war to a such a game, Pope appeals to these boys. The above quote also demonstrates Popes technique of challenging the masculinity of the young men, as she implies that those who dont fight are cowards, again this is further developed by the statement; Who would much rather come back on a crutch Than lie low and be out of the fun? As she was ignorant of the brutality of the reality of war, Popes idealisation of, and her naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, patriotic approach to the war enraged many of those who were actively involved in the fighting. World War One poet, Wilfred Owen, particularly despised Pope for her habit of romanticising the aspects of war that she was ignorant of. He was in fact so passionate about his dislike for her that he directly addresses her, in Dulce et Decorum Est, when he states, If you could hearthe blood Come gargling from the froth corrupted lungs My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. Expressing a similar attitude to that of Pope, Marian Allen glorifies the war in her poem, The Wind on the Downs, in which she speaks of her inability to accept the death of a loved one. In support of this subject matter, a disbelieving, longing tone is conveyed, with a sense of naivety also conveyed by Pope in Whos for the Game. This naivety is present due to the lack of personal experience that these two writers have had of the brutal reality of the First World War. As Pope remained on the home front in order to write poetry for the newspapers, Allen was typical of many more women at the time of the war; she remained at home whilst her lover went to fight in the war, and consequently she had view of war that was such due to the propaganda portrayed by the media and writers such as Pope. Allens use of soft and endearing language develops this idea of Allen as a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve writer in terms of the War, as her failure to accept her lovers death is symbolic of her genuine ignorance to the nature of his death, and in fact life, whilst serving. The repetition of this denial towards her loss reinforces this point; You have not died, it is not true That you are round about me, I believe How should you leave me, having loved me so? It seemed impossible that you should die. That were introduced to the concept of his death through her line, Because they tell me, dear, that you are dead, carries with it an air of denial, due to her expression that she was told, and not that she actually believes it herself. The line would be much less effective had it said Because you are dead. Allens idealisation of her lover and his life in, and out of the war, may be due to the manner in which she received the news of his death, and how little of the truth she was told. This is a subject directly addressed by Siegfried Sassoon in The Hero, as he speaks of the gallant lies an officer had delivered to the mother of a soldier who had actually died a horrific death. It is portrayed by Allen that her and her lover thought of many things and spoke of few when he returned home on leave, thereby conveying that he found it difficult to speak of the truth to her. This seeming feeling of not being able to confide in anyone one the home front was common amongst soldiers in the First World War. R.C Sherriff demonstrates it in his play Journeys End through Stanhopes reluctance to take leave, and Susan Hill illustrates it through Hilliards emotional isolation from his family in Strange Meeting, as he cannot even speak to his sister of the nightmares he encounters whilst at home on leave. Had Allen known the honest nature of her lovers death, and life at war, she may have expressed a different view through this poem. Vera Brittain did gain an insight into the reality of what life must have been like for the men at war, through receiving her dead fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s uniform via post. The refined view she adopted of the war was aided by the condition of the uniform; damp and worn and simply caked with mud, exhibiting the hole made by the bullet that killed him. These quotes are taken from Extract C, an extract from Letters from a Lost Generation. In this particular letter, Brittain is writing to her brother about the terrible ordeal of examining the uniform, an experience that proved to be somewhat revelatory for Brittain, as it was this following the loss of her fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ that spurred her to join up and become a V.A.D. Brittain composed this letter in 1916, which was a pivotal year within the war; a year in which many attitudes of those who previously supported the war were manipulated by its seeming newfound futility. Owen expresses in Futility, Was it for this the clay grew tall? which strongly conveys his view that the war became superfluous, and that the Earth did not develop to be destroyed in such a brutal, futile way. Siegfried Sassoon also made a famous declaration stating his opposition to the continuation of the War in 1917, as a result of events in 1916, such as the infamous Battle of the Somme. This declaration, and therefore Sassoons change of view towards the war is a component of Pat Barkers Regeneration. The form of a letter allows Brittain to utilise several literary techniques, such as varying sentence lengths and use of the five senses to create impact. Effective examples of blunt sentences used by Brittain are, It was terrible And No, they were not him. These two statements demonstrate how Brittain made use of short sentences in order to reflect the blunt, direct nature in which her realisation of the reality of war hit her. In contrast to these short sentences, Brittain displays many complex sentences in order to convey a vivid image of the scene of the uniform before her; The mud of France which covered them was not ordinary mud; it had not the usual clean, pure smell of earth, but it was as though it were saturated with dead bodies- dead that had been dead a long, long time. This sentence illustrates Brittains use of powerful adjectives, such as saturated, to strengthen her intended effect, and her application of the repletion of long, and dead, in order to emphasise certain factors of what she is conveying. Varying sentence lengths is not a facet of either Allens The Wind on the Downs or Popes Whos for the Game. This is due to these extracts taking the forms of poems, which makes it difficult for such a technique to be applied. However, Pope manages to exploit her chosen form of a poem in order to aid her purpose. She imposes a strong marching rhythm, which is supported by the typical ABAB rhyme scheme, thereby giving her poem a sense of soldiers marching to war, which can be perceived by the young men reading it. Similarly, Allen makes use of a regular rhyme scheme in order to give her poem fluidity and enhance the idealised depiction of death, which inevitably highlights Allens ignorance to the truth of conditions at war. Pope employs simple language and colloquialisms in her poem, due to its form and audience: As it appeared in a national newspaper, the audience was broad, and so the use of simple language meant the poem would appeal to everyone. The colloquialisms, such as lie low give his country a hand illustrate Popes ability to relate to her intended audience, as boys of the time would find this language common and therefore easy to relate to. The patriotism conveyed by Pope is also illustrated through the latter of the two colloquialisms above. This patriotic attitude was shared by Rupert Brooke, as is conveyed through his poem, The Soldier when he writes; A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam Brooke died of dysentery before carrying out any active service in the war, and therefore, he too was ignorant of the true conditions of life in the trenches. Thus, his poetry often illustrated naivety and patriotism, similar to others, like Pope and Allen, who were ignorant of the brutal reality of war. Through comparing these three texts we can consequently deduce that although one would assume women to have adopted a romantic view towards the act of fighting for ones country due to their lack of active involvement in the war, there were actually a range of views produced amongst women as a result of the first world war, expressed through their various pieces of literature.

Vouchers, School Choice and the Publics Interest Essay -- Persuasive

School Choice and the Public's Interest Recent trends toward privatizing schools and relieving them of state requirements wrongly imply that schools should mirror the desires of parents and ignore the public's interest in having citizens educated for democracy. Rob Reich, who recently earned his doctorate in philosophy of education at Stanford, is writing a book on school vouchers, charter schools and home schooling. Reich stated his view that the nation is slipping too far into deregulated schooling. "The guiding idea behind privatization, whether it is vouchers, charter schools or home schooling, is that parents should be the sole decision-making agents about the kind of education their children receive. But this eviscerates the public or civic purposes of schooling." Public schooling itself is not the goal, he said, and public schools don't necessarily do better than private schools in educating children to meet the state's interests, which he defined as preparing children for both workforce and democratic participation. Those who joined in the discussion pushed Reich to specify the content of an education for democratic participation. "Some would say reading and writing is enough," he responded. "Personally, I would go a few steps further to say that students should learn to come into dialogue with others on a public stage." Voluntary national standards for civic education suggest "a combination of making sure students know the history and shape of the structure of government, and how to influence public deliberation and policy," he said. Others suggest experience-oriented programs, often called service learning. "My model has been the Socratic dialogue, where the teacher is a leader and p... ...ploded among white, middle-class, religious families who want more control over the values their children are exposed to or who fear for their children's safety, Reich said. "I'm convinced that further privatization is inevitable," he added. Supporters have framed the argument for it as "a civil rights issue or a matter of social justice." he said. "People say President Clinton sent his daughter to private school. If we are serious about social justice, we should give all parents the same choice that wealthy parents have." How would he change the situation? Reich was asked. "I can imagine a variety of institutional arrangements but where private schools are still subject to state oversight," he said. "Perhaps public dollars could flow to them if the curriculum met the state's interests. A democracy has needs, but that doesn't mean public schools have to meet them."